Mumbai attacks Essay Example for Free

Mumbai attacks Essay INTRODUCTION The day of 26th November, 2008 would have been as usual and pleasant as any other day for Mumbai but the terror attacks by the members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, considered as terrorist organisation by India, who wreaked havoc in the India’s largest city. There were ten gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces. Witnesses reported that they looked to be in their early twenties, wore black t-shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims. It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens, but the Indian Government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this. Similarly, early reports of twelve gunmen were also later shown to be incorrect. On December 9, the ten attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal, Nazih and Nasr fromFaisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab. Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker captured alive by police and is currently under arrest. Much of the information about the attackers preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police. Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab was born on July 13, 1987. He briefly joined his brother in Lahore, who worked as a labourer, and then returned to Faridkot. He left home after a fight with his father in 2005. He had asked for new clothes on Eid, but his father could not provide them, which made him angry. He then became involved in petty crime with his friend Muzaffar Lal Khan, soon moving on to armed robbery. On Dec 21, 2007, Bakr-Eid day, they were in Rawalpindi trying to buy weapons when they encountered members of Jamaat-ud-Dawah, the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, distributing pamphlets. After a brief chat, they decide to sign up for training with the Lashkar-e-Taiba, ending up at their base camp, Markaz Taiba. According to Deputy Commissioner of Mumbai Police he spoke rough Hindi and barely any  English. Some sources said his father asked him to join the militant group, Lashkar-e-Taiba so that he could use the money they gave him to run the family. When asked about this, Ajmal Amirs father told reporters, â€Å"I dont sell my sons.† Even David Coleman Headley is charged for scouting the locations for 2008 Mumbai terror attacks by Laskar-e-Taiba. He is alleged by FBI for conspiring to bomb targets in Mumbai, India; providing material support to Lashkar-i-Taiba, a militant Pakistani Islamist group; and aiding and abetting the murder of U.S. citizens. Training Ajmal Amir is alleged to be among a group of 24 men who received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Part of the training is reported to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, a senior commander of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, reportedly offered to pay his family Rs.150,000 for his participation in the attacks. Another report said the 21-year old man was recruited from his Punjab, Pakistan home in part based on a pledge by recruiters to pay USD $1,250 US (Rs. 62,412.50) to his family when he became a martyr. Other sources put the reward to USD $4,000. Stages of training This batch of 25 went through the following stages of training: †¢ Psychological: Indoctrination to Islamist propaganda, including compiled footage of Indian atrocities in Jammu Kashmir, and imagery of the atrocities suffered by Muslims in India, Chechnya, Palestine and across the globe. †¢ Basic Combat: Lashkar’s basic combat and terror methodology course,  the Daura Aam. †¢ Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advanced specialised training at a camp near Mansehra, a course the organisation calls the Daura Khaas. This includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by retired personnel of the Pakistan Army, along with survival training and further indoctrination. †¢ Finally, an even smaller group selected for specialised marine commando and navigation training given to the fidayeen unit selected to target Mumbai. From the batch of about 25, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission. They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that the former officers from Pakistans Army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training. They were given blueprints of all the four targets Taj Mahal Palace Tower, Oberoi Trident hotel and Nariman House. The type of training which he got completely washed his brain and it was enough to make him think only of destruction and only destruction. Feeling of hatred incited him against India to that level that he only wanted to kill Indians and to destroy India. Pakistanis give these terrorist institutions the name of militant organisations to hide these from the eyes of the world but these are recognised as terrorist groups in India, USA and UK. These institutions give militant training to those individuals who do not have sufficient money and gradually prepare them as a ‘militant terrorist’ in the name of ‘jihad’. ATTACKS Entry into India According to investigations the attackers traveled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian fishing trawler Kuber, killing the crew of four, and then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After killing the captain, the terrorists entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of Kuber, Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters. The first events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 Urdu-speaking men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to mind their own business before they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermens subsequent report to police received little response. Involvement in Attack He was captured on CCTV during his attacks at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus along with another terrorist, Ismail Khan. Ajmal Amir reportedly told the police that they wanted to replicate theIslamabad Marriott hotel attack, and reduce the Taj Hotel to rubble, replicating the 9/11 attacks in India. Ajmal Amir and his accomplice Abu Dera Ismail Khan, age 25, attacked the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) railway station. They then moved on to attack a police vehicle (a white Toyota Qualis) at Cama Hospital, in which senior Mumbai police officers (Maharashtra ATS Chief Hemant Karkare, Encounter Specialist Vijay Salaskar and Additional Commissioner of Mumbai Police Ashok Kamte) were traveling. After killing them in a gun battle and taking two constables’ hostage in the Qualis, Ajmal Amir and Ismail Khan drove towards Metro cinema. Ajmal Amir joked about the bullet proof vests worn by the police and killed one constable when his mobile phone rang. They fired some shots into a crowd gathered at Metro Cinema. They then drove towards Vidhan Bhavan where they fired a few more shots. Their vehicle had a tire puncture, so  they stole a silver Ã…  koda Laura and drove towards Girgaum Chowpatty. Earlier, the D B Marg police had got a message from police control at about 10pm, saying that two heavily armed men were at large after gunning down commuters at CST. 15 policemen from D B Marg were sent to Chowpatty where they set up a double barricade on Marine Drive armed with 2 self-loading rifles (SLRs), two revolvers and lathis (or batons). The Skoda reached Chowpatty and halted 40 to 50 feet from the barricade. It then reversed and tried to make a U-turn. A shootout ensued and Abu Ismail was killed. Ajmal lay motionless playing dead. Assistant sub-inspector Tukaram Omble, who was armed only with a lathi(gapp), was killed when the police charged the car. Umbale took five bullets, but held on to Ajmals weapon, enabling his colleagues to capture him alive. A mob gathered and attacked the two terrorists. This incident was captured on video. Some reports said that Ajmal Amir was shot and had bullet wounds in his hand or both hands. There are other reports by doctors who treated him that he had no bullet wounds. While it is reported that he told the police that he was trained to kill to the last breath, when he was arrested, he pleaded with the medical staff: I do not want to die. Put me on saline. Later, after interrogation in the hospital by the police, he said: Now, I do not want to live, requesting the interrogators to kill him for the safety of his family in Pakistan who could be killed or tortured for his surrender to Indian police. Fidayeen terrorists are strictly instructed by Lashkar commanders not to be captured and interrogated, use aliases instead of their real names and hide their nationality. He is also quoted as saying I have done right, I have no regrets. Reports also surfaced that the group planned to escape safely after the attack, ruling out this being a suicide mission. It is also reported that he expressed to Indian police his willingness to switch loyalties, saying: If you give me regular meals and money I will do the same that I did for them. Ajmal Amir has told interrogators that right through the fighting, the Lashkar headquarters from Karachi, Pakistan remained in touch with the group, calling their phones through a voice-over-internet service. Investigators have succeeded in reconstructing the group’s journey through the Garmin GPS set that has been seized from him. The mail sent from a bogus group calling itself the Deccan Mujahideen claiming responsibility has been traced to a Russian proxy which was then traced back to Lahore, Pakistan with the help of the FBI. It was in fact the Lashkar-e-Toiba operating under an alternate name after being banned by U.S. Methodology The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough for the attackers to vanish, and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents. The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh, pointing to some local collusion. There were also reports of one SIM card purchased in New Jersey, USA. Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks. Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi. Type 86 Grenades made by Chinas state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks. Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police say that they found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids. The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks. DISPUTE ON NATIONALITY Dispute There was a dispute on the matter regarding the issue of nationality of Ajmal Kasab in the court. After the attacks, India asserted that Ajmal was a Pakistani national based on his confession and evidence gathered due to the information provided by him. Several reporters visited the village in Pakistan where Ajmal Amir said his family lived, and verified the facts provided by him. Former Pakistan Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif confirmed that Ajmal Amir was from Faridkot village in Pakistan, and criticized President Zardari for cordoning off the village and not allowing his parents to meet anyone. Investigative journalist Saeed Shah travelled to Ajmal Amirs village and produced national identity card numbers of his parents, Mohammed Amir and Noor Elahi soon after they themselves disappeared on the night of December 3, 2008. Also, the Mumbai Police said that much of the information that Ajmal Amir provided had proved to be accurate. He disclosed the location of a fishing trawler, MV Kuber, that the terrorists used to enter Mumbais coastal waters. He also told investigators where they would find the ship captains body, a satellite phone and a global-positioning device, which they did. Despite mounting evidence, Pakistani officials, including President Asif Ali Zardari, initially denied the assertion that Ajmal Amir was Pakistani. Pakistani government officials attempted to erase evidence that there was a Lashkar-e-Taiba office in Deepalpur, near Kasabs village. The office was hurriedly closed in the week of December 7. Moreover, at Faridkot many residents and local plainclothes police appeared to be trying to hurriedly cover up Ajmal Amirs connection with the village. The atmosphere turned hostile, and several reporters who went to Faridkot were roughed up. In early December, dealing a major blow to Pakistans claims, Ajmal Amirs father admitted in an interview that the captured terrorist was his  son. In January 2009, a month after the attacks, Pakistans national security advisor Mahmud Ali Durrani admitted to Ajmal Amir being a Pakistani citizen while speaking to the CNN-IBN news channel. The Pakistan Government then hastily acknowledged that Ajmal was a Pakistani, but also announced that Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani had fired Durrani for failing to take Gilani and other stakeholders into confidence before making this information public, and for a lack of coordination on matters of national security. This is a satire on the administrative system of Pakistan. Kasab’s confession on Nationality The statement made by the Pakistani minister was contradicted by their own official and even Kasab. Kasab even admitted before the court that he is a Pakistani and belong to Faridkot in Pakistan. Kasab accepted before the trial judge that he was a Pakistani national and told the court that he is fine with government-provided lawyer to defend him. Kasab appeared before special judge M L Tahiliyani via video link from the Arthur Road jail where he is presently lodged in a high security cell giving the media the first glimpse of the surviving terrorist who along with his nine accomplices were involved in the carnage. Tahiliyani asked Kasab to identify himself and asked him where he was from. Kasab replied that he was from Faridkot, in Pakistans Punjab province. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Kasab’s confession Pakistani terrorist Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab, in his dramatic confession before a special court Monday, said that he was a decorator by profession but since his income was little, he was attracted to jehad (holy war). Through some contacts, he came in touch with the terror group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and later underwent training under Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Abu Hamza, Abu Kafa and Abu Jhundal, the masterminds of the Nov 26, 2008, Mumbai terror attacks, at a place called Battal in Pakistan. Recounting how he joined terrorism, Kasab said he worked with Haji Sultan as a small-time decorator in Jhelum in Punjab province. It was a month before the Bakr-Eid festival, that co-worker Muzaffar and he spoke of how they were not making enough money from the work. Muzaffar suggested that they could indulge in thefts or dacoity to make more money. While on a visit to Rawalpindi, Kasab had approached some LeT activists whom they located in the Raja market. I told them that I wanted to become a jehadi. One of them enquired about where we stayed and asked us to bring our belongings there. Another accompanied us with a piece of paper on which Markaz Taiba Murqui was written and gave us some money, he said. There they met more boys and joined them. After 21 days, Kasab was sent to Mansera, and then to Mankheda Aksa. Later, all the boys were taken to a hilly place called Battal where they were trained to operate pistols, guns, AK-47s and other weapons for 21 days. Later, they were sent to Daura Khaas for three months. Kasab said three people trained them Abu Ansa, Abu Basheer and Abu Abdul Rehman. From Battal, he travelled to Azad Kashmir, the Pakistan-administered Kashmir, where he met Sayeed. All the boys were taken to another camp and trained for three months by Abu Maviya, Abu Saiful Rehman, Abu Talaah and Abu Sariya. Here they learnt to operate rocket launchers, grenades and other deadly weapons. Later, Kasab said, he was given a weeks break to go home. Upon return, Sayeed, Abu Hamza and Abu Kafa selected some of the boys to go to Kashmir.  They also learnt swimming from Abu Imran and were for a month taken to Karachi, where they were trained to get acclimatised to the sea. They returned to Muzaffarabad in PoK, were given identity cards and clothes which they wore on the day of the Mumbai terror attacks. Kasab and Abu Ismail were the first to get out after landing at Colaba in south Mumbai that evening. They hailed a cab to go to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), as instructed by Hamza and left one bomb in the taxi and another at CST. After entering the CST, they opened fire as instructed by Hamza; Ismail lobbed grenades inside the station premises and opened fire from his AK-47. The duo continued firing and throwing grenades at regular intervals and continued moving ahead even as the security forces started confronting them and later surrounded them. Seeing little or no retaliation from the stunned police forces that night, the duo decided to take the CST subway, but Ismail beckoned him to go to Platform No. 1 where a train was waiting. They continued moving ahead in the direction of the bridge at the end of the station. They tried to force open some vehicles parked outside in a small lane. They saw a person coming from the opposite direction and Kasab killed him. Ismail started firing ahead and the duo jumped a short wall there and entered one of the wards of Cama Hospital. Ismail asked Kasab to wait at the hospital gate and he went inside, firing and later led him in. As they went inside, Kasab held a person as a shield after the police forces confronted them. They started firing and throwing grenades, outside the main gate they fired at a car and encountered firing from a jeep nearby. They hid behind a bush and later dragged out the limp bodies of three policemen and hijacked the jeep to go towards the Metro cinema junction. It was in Cama Hospital that Kasab and Ismail gunned down Anti-Terrorist Squad (ATS) chief Hemant Karkare and his associate Vijay Salaskar. They also killed another senior police official, Additional Commissioner of Police Ashok Kamte, before hijacking the police jeep. However, they kept moving in circles and by then, the jeep had developed a flat tyre. Kasab was also injured on his right elbow and left wrist and pleaded that he could not do anything more. Ismail urged him on and said that even he had sustained a bullet on his knee. Then they saw a Skoda car, they ordered the passengers a couple, to stop, forcibly took the keys from them and took the vehicle, blindly following another car as they did not know where to proceed. At a point on the road (Girgaum Chowpatty), they saw a police barricade, and when they were ordered to stop, Ismail attempted to take a u-turn on the road, but failed. The police rushed towards them and dragged out Kasab and hammered him with a baton, snatched his gun and attacked him in the tummy with the butt. Kasab claimed that he did not fire at anyone at that juncture and had lost consciousness. When he revived, he found himself at Nair Hospital, under arrest by the Mumbai police. TRIAL Chargesheet Indian investigators filed a formal 11,000 page Chargesheet against Kasab on 25 February 2009. Due to the fact that the chargesheet was written in Marathi and English, Kasab had requested that an Urdu translation of the charge sheet be given to him. Kasab has been charged with murder, conspiracy and waging war against India along with other crimes. His trial was to have started on April 15 but was put off as his lawyer, Anjali Waghmare, had been dismissed for a conflict of interest. He has gotten a new lawyer named Abbas Kazmi. On 28 April, he wrote a letter through his lawyer to the magistrate  requesting a perfume bottle, a toothpaste, Urdu Times newspaper and permission to walk in the adjacent varandah alongside his barack. He also requested the court to deposit the amount (given to him by the terrorists) seized from him by police into his jail account. Time line of Proceedings On 26 Nov 2008, Ujjwal Nikam was appointed as Public Prosecutor. In Jan 2009, M L Tahiliyani was appointed as judge to conduct the trial. In Feb 2009, an 11,000-page charge sheet was served on Kasab. In Mar 2009, advocate Anjali Waghmare was appointed as Kasabs lawyer. Kasab appeared through video-conferencing. In Apr 2009, Waghmare was removed as Kasabs lawyer. Abbas Kazmi was appointed as defence lawyer in mid-April. Trial began on April 17, 2009. On 20 Apr 2009, the prosecution submitted a list of charges, including the murder of 166 people. On 6 May 2009 Kasab pleaded not guilty to 86 charges. In May 2009, an eye witness identified Kasab in court. Another said he saw Kasab and nine others arrive by boat. Two doctors who treated him, identified him. On 2 June 2009, Kasab told the judge he now also understood Marathi. In June 2009, the special court issued non-bailable warrants against 22 absconding accused including Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) chief Hafeez Saeed and chief of operations of Lashkar-e-Toiba, Zaki-ur-Rehman Laqvi. On 20 July 2009 Kasab retracted his non-guilty plea and pleaded guilty to all  charges, but his trial will continue. Visiting US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in an interview with Thai publication The Nation during the ASEAN conference in Phuket in July 2009 that had Kasab been educated, he wouldnt have been a terrorist. On 18 December 2009, Kasab says he is innocent, he was framed and tortured by Indian Police. In a surprising U-turn he claims to have come to Mumbai 20 days ago and was simply roaming at Juhu beach when police arrested him. Details of proceedings Ajmal Amir has written to the Pakistani High Commission in India requesting help and legal aid. In the letter, he confirmed the nationality of himself and the nine slain terrorists as Pakistani. He also asked the Pakistani High Commission to take custody of the body of fellow terrorist Ismail Khan, who was killed in an encounter in south Mumbai on the night of November 26. Pakistani officials confirmed the receipt of the letter and were reported to be studying its details. However, no further updates were given on the matter by Pakistan. Kasabs trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest. On February 25, 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page Chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges. Kasabs trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. He initially apologized for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but later retracted these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to force his confession, and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judge  had deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial will continue. Kasab could, and will almost certainly, be hanged if given the maximum penalty of death. Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies, and he and six others begin their formal trial on 3 Oct 2009 in Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution stops well short of top Lashkar leaders. In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Pakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice. On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani anti-terror court has formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi. Ujjawal Nikam, public prosecutor in the matter of Kasab, said there was ample evidence to show Kasab and the two arrested accused, Faheem Ansari and Sabauddin Ahmed, were part of the conspiracy hatched in Pakistan to strike terror in the financial capital. He said foreign experts would be examined but their names and addresses should be kept secret. Nikam also said that further investigations in this case were on and supplementary chargesheet would be filed later. Special Public Prosecutor Ujjwal Nikam told the court that Kasab, the prime accused in the case, would be charged with murder of 166 persons in the attack unleashed by Pakistan-based terror outfit LeT on November 26, 2008 here. Although he was not directly involved in killing all 166 persons, Kasab was an active member of conspiracy hatched in Pakistan to commit terror attacks in India, Nikam said in his brief preliminary address to open the case. Kazmi who had earlier defend to 30 accused in the 1993 Mumbai serial bomb blast trial, told the court he was willing to defend Kasab. Nikam said 1,820 witnesses had been cited but only potential among them will be examined. Prosecution would place 750 articles and 1350 documents as  evidence. Nikam told the court that Kasab was directly involved in seven different cases of terror attacks. These pertain to murder of five crew of Kuber boat, including its navigator Amar Singh Solanki, bomb blast in a taxi at suburban Vile Parle, firing at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Cama Hospital firing attack, killing of three police officers near Cama Hospital and theft of Skoda car and attack on police team near Chowpatty, he said. In all these cases, Kasab was involved with co-conspirator Ismail Khan, who was killed in police encounter near Chowpatty, Nikam alleged. He said there are five other cases in which Kasab has been charged with murder conspiracy, although he had not directly participated in them. These are firing in Hotel Taj Mahal, Hotel Oberoi, Restaurant Leopold Cafe, Nariman House and bomb explosion in a taxi at Mazgaon. The court took on record advocate Ejaz Naqvi as defence counsel for Faheem Ansari and Ahmed. Since Naqvi did not appear in morning session and Faheem sought time to appoint another lawyer, the court asked Faheems wife to call Naqvi to the court. Later, he came and told the court that he would continue to defend Faheem. Demanded trial by International Court The alleged gunman in the 2008 bloody siege of Mumbai said he should be tried by an international court because he does not expect justice in India. Mohammed Ajmal Kasab, 21, told a special court that police had falsely implicated him in the case. I should be tried in an international court, he told Judge M.L. Tahiliyani. Earlier Kasab retracted his confession that he sprayed gunfire into a crowd at the railroad station. He also said police tortured him into admitting having a role in the attacks. Kasab also said thathe wanted to call witnesses from Pakistan for his defense, and that he should be allowed to meet Pakistani officials. Witnesses would include a passport officer, he said, without providing other details. The judge asked him to file a petition through his attorney. Kasab could face the death penalty if convicted. Murder and conspiracy to wage war against India are among the charges he faces. Kasab told the judge he came to Mumbai as a tourist and was arrested 20 days before the siege began. On the day the attacks started, Kasab said police took him from his cell because he resembled one of the gunmen. They then shot him to make it look as if he had been involved in the attacks and re-arrested him, Kasab said. ANALYSIS It is mockery of the Indian Judicial System that even the charge is proved on the convict but the trail is going on. In the month of July last year the convict pleaded guilty of all the charges, but the Judge said that the other 86 cases have not been addressed therefore the trial should continue and in the month of September he again told the court that he was forced to plead for guilty by the Indian police. Has anyone think over it that if the verdict would have been given as soon as he pleaded guilty what would happen? Such kinds of questions were raised, and will raise on Indian Judicial System if it will continue to follow such kind of path. The Court should has given its verdict on the basis of the evidences produced by the public, eye witnesses and moreover the acceptance of the charge by the convict. The other matters could have been addressed later on. Even there was news that Kasab giggle over the question asked by the judge and made fun of it. This is a satire on the discipline of the courts. The judge has to order him to  behave in the court. This clearly shows that giving a chance of fair trial to convict made him to perceive as nothing is going to happen to him for the next ten years. People have such kind of mentality towards the Judicial System. If a suit has been filed in a court then the guilty has nothing to do with it for many years. Our Judicial System needs changes. This system has to be discarded and a new system should be introduced. Indian Police is not required to file a charge sheet of 11,000 pages and judges are needed not to give judgements running through thousand of pages. A simple and logical statement is sufficient for the parties involved in it and for the general public as well. In my view this trial of Ajmal Kasab should be finished because there is nothing more to think over it. Otherwise it will lead to expenditure of more and more money of the government on such a heinous criminal, which is of no worth.

The Artists of the High Renaissance Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

The Artists of the High Renaissance High Renaissance, that period of art at the beginning of the sixteenth century, has been referred to as one of the great explosions of artistic and creative genius in history. Most notable it seems, for producing three of the greatest artists in history: Da Vinci, Michaelangelo, and Raphael, the High Renaissance was referred to as such not only because it was a period of great and high art, but equally so, because it was essentially the culmination of the cycle of art which preceded it, known as the Early Renaissance. â€Å"Renaissance† stems from the French verb â€Å"naitre,† meaning â€Å"to be born†. Thus, the Renaissance would forever be known as the â€Å"rebirth† of critical artistic thoughts and ideals. Emerging from the much more gothic and religious period that came before, the Renaissance would most certainly prove to be one of the most enlightened periods in art and thought that history would ever see. Italian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy - all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. The High Renaissance included such great artists as Bacchiacca, the painter of Ev...

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Edward Kennedy â€Å"Duke† Ellington (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974) was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader. Duke Ellington was thought to be one of the most influential figures in jazz, if not in all American music. After his death in 1974, he became even more popular. He even received a special award citation from the Pulitzer Prize Board. Ellington called his music â€Å"American Music† rather than jazz. He liked to describe those who impressed him as â€Å"beyond category†. Those belonging to this group included many of the musicians who served with his orchestra. Some of his band members were among the giants of jazz and performed with Ellington's orchestra for decades. It was Duke Ellington, however, who melded them into one of the most well-known orchestral units in the history of jazz. He often composed specifically for the style and skills of these individuals. Some of these songs included â€Å"Jeep's Blues† for Johnny Hodges, â€Å"Concerto for Cootie† (â€Å"Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me†) for Cootie Williams and â€Å"The Mooche† for Tricky Sam Nanton. He also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, such as Juan Tizol's â€Å"Caravan† and â€Å"Perdido† which brought the â€Å"Spanish Tinge† to big-band jazz. After 1941, he began to collaborate with composer-arranger Billy Strayhorn. Ellington often referred to Billy Strayhorn as his â€Å"alter-ego†. Duke Ellington is considered one of the 20th century's best-known artists. He also recorded for many American record companies, and appeared in several films. Ellington and his orchestra toured the United States and Europe regularly before and after World War II. He led his band from 1923 until his death in 1974. His son, Mercer Ellington, continued touring with the band until his death from cancer in 1996. Paul Ellington, Mercer's youngest son, took over the orchestra in 1996. After his mother's passing, Paul Ellington took over the estate of Duke and Mercer Ellington. Duke Ellington

Abortion Kant vs. Utilitarians - 686 Words

Abortion Abortion is defined as an early termination of a pregnancy, willingly. It is one of the most controversial issues that is brought up because there are so many different views. This ethical issue today is usually split in two groups, one of these views being pro-choice, giving the option to have an abortion to the family of the fetus. The other main view today is pro-life, which states under no circumstance may a life be taken away. There are many concerns with abortion, the biggest being is the fetus an actual person yet? Many of us will never know the answer to that question. Two views I will go deeper into is the view of Immanuel Kant and the view of a Utilitarian. Immanuel Kant is a firm believer that every person has†¦show more content†¦Utilitarian’s believe that under certain circumstances an abortion could be justified. For example if the mother doesn’t have the financial means, utilitarian’s would understand living a miserable life would contra dict the idea of maximizing happiness to all, including the mother who doesn’t have to carry the financial burden a child would bring to an already bad financial situation. Another case would be if the family knew the baby knows the baby would be brought into this world with a disability, why make him or her suffer (only if the disability could not be cured medically). The thought process for utilitarian’s is that if the child will live a miserable life, why make them live if the abortion could be done before the fetus is even developed into a baby. Utilitarian’s are much more flexible when dealing with an issue such as abortion if the circumstance allows for it and if it maximizes happiness to all, if not most. Therefore an abortion may be decided with the consideration of all in mind. In conclusion, both theories provide different views on such a controversial and ethical issue such as abortion. Both views believe that they are right. Essentially Kant would be a modern day pro-life advocate, while the utilitarian’s would be pro-choice supporters. In a more straight forward answer under no circumstance would Kant be willing to accept abortion as an option because it goes against his theory of a person taking away another living personsShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism Vs. Kant s Deontology2126 Words   |  9 PagesConsequence and Principles: Utilitarianism vs. Kant s Deontology Both utilitarianism and deontology are normative ethical theories. Normative ethics is a branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one should morally act. (Meriam Webster Dictionary, 1) Utilitarianism and deontology have often been discussed throughout the history of ethics, and both have had many adaptations of the concepts. Utilitarianism is defined as a doctrine that theRead MoreObjections to Utilitarianism1467 Words   |  6 Pagesperform such an action WHATEVER THE CONSEQUENCES of not performing it It is very clear, then, that Absolutism is incompatible with Utilitarianism. For whatever the sort of action which is supposed to be absolutely wrong, the Utilitarian will say that, if on some particular occasion, one would produce MUCH MORE happiness by performing such an action than by not performing it, then, not only would be justified in performing such an action: one would be positively obliged to do soRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Death Of A Fetus1505 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciples which dictate what is considered as morally ‘good’ and ‘bad’. Abortion is defined as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy through a medical procedure which results in the death of a fetus. Within ethics, there are many arguments as to whether abortion should be permitted in society as many regard it as an act of murder and others simply see it as a decision that should be given to the mother only. The issue of abortion remains to be one of the most contr oversial topics in society, whichRead MoreUtilitarianism Facing Abortion4725 Words   |  19 PagesUtilitarianism Facing Abortion MBA 6277 Table of Contents Abstraction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Ethical Principals and Methodologies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Utilitarism †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Types †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Consequences †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Statistics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read MoreStem Cell Research Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthese stem cells, a skin graph can be created and used to replace damaged and dead skin cells. With every chance at a medical breakthrough, risks are present. The Christian Medical and Dental website provides a list of these issues on their ‘Adult vs. Embryonic Stem Cell Research’ page. The first of which being that, human embryonic stem cell lines have been proven to be difficult to develop and maintain. This is based off of the information from the South Korean scientists who were the first toRead MoreThe Philosophy of Happiness11705 Words   |  47 PagesAquinas had followed Aristotle in placing happiness at the apex of their ethical systems, they accepted, as Aristotle did not, the idea that human beings must obey a natural law laid down by a creator God. Aquinas concurred that such things as murder, abortion, and usury were all violations of the natural law of God. But he structured his ethical system not around the concept of law, but around the idea that virtue was the route to self-fulfilment in happiness. It was Duns Scotus who gave the theory of

Impact of Divorce and Single Parent Households - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 764 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Single Parent Essay Did you like this example? Today, about 40-50% of marriages end in divorce. While divorces can save some people from a bad marriage, divorces affect the children and the rest of society negatively. Decades of research shows that the children of married families are the ones to have better physical, emotional and academic well-being. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of Divorce and Single Parent Households" essay for you Create order Adults now believe that marriage is old-fashion and constricting. Adults also assume that if they arent personally happy anymore, and they do not want to put in the effort to fix their marriage, they can easily have a divorce and the children will be able to adapt and there will be no major consequences to the family. This is not true. Divorces and single-parent households affect the children, parents, and all of society. Children of divorced families end up living their whole lives feeling isolated, being physically unwell, and having lower academic scores than other students. The US National Library of Medicine clearly lists the negative impacts on children, whether its physical, emotional or academic related. Children lose time with their parents since one parent does not live with them anymore, and the other spends most of their time working to earn enough money. Most of the time, the children go to live with the mother after the divorce, which puts the mother in a harder position to earn money, and the father rarely sees the children and then the children lose that connection of a father. The children may also have to endure the loss of economic security. This does not only mean that the family income decreases after divorce, but it also means that the kids may have to completely change their lifestyle. They may have to change schools, move into a smaller house, and have less to eat or less to pl ay with, which is a major change for children and could cause some emotional distress. Children can be abused and neglected, which results in a physically unhealthy child. Children can experience serious emotional distress from a divorce, like develop a psychiatric disorder, develop an alcohol or drug addiction, or commit or attempt suicide. After the divorce, childrens depression and anxiety worsen and the childrens self-concept and social relations decrease. Children also stop putting a priority on school and grades, which results in lower GPAs and more school dropouts. There are more long-term consequences to divorces to children. Because of divorces, the children are more likely to have problems in their own relationships in the future. According to a study done by Bruce J. Ellis from the Department of Psychology in the University of Canterbury, Girls whose fathers left the home before they were five years old were eight times more likely to become pregnant as adolescents than girls from intact families (qtd. In Anderson). Boys have higher rates of sexually transmitted disease, mainly due to the boys having sex at a younger age. Children of divorced parents do not view marriage as a lifelong commitment and as something that is important (Anderson). Divorces dont only affect the children, but they affect the parents negatively as well. Wallerstein J.S. from Boston conducted a study that demonstrated that those who were unhappy in their marriage when first surveyed, but remained married, were likely to have an improved relationship and be happier five years later than those who divorced (qtd. In Anderson). After divorces, both parents physical health goes down, and some even turn to alcohol and drugs. The chances of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease increase after divorces. Parents also have less income now to provide for themselves and their kids. In the Wallersteins study, it says that divorces have long-term emotional effects for parents, such as extreme hate for their former spouses, feeling that life is unfair and disappointing, and feeling lonely (qtd. In Anderson). Divorce is so common and since it affects the whole family, there are many individuals out in the world suffering from the effects of divorce, which affects society as a whole. Michele Vrouvas article called The Effects of Divorce on Society explains that divorces impacts how children view marriage and they may not want to be married and have a family in the future, which will disrupt societys social harmony (Vrouvas). Overall, having a divorce has a lot of consequences and effects children, parents, and society alike. Society should prevent frivolous divorces and try to help mend relationships between spouses, therefore when the people who truly need divorces have them, the people around them will become happier and the people that decided to give their relationship another chance will ultimately be happy again.

Essay on Underage Drinkers Face Repercussion - 1369 Words

Today there seems to be an increasing number of underage drinkers. Teens seem to be drinking their way through high school and college because it’s the trend of the century. They go out to party and there is no party, if there is no alcohol. They begin to believe there is no fun in partying without the use of alcohol. According to, the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, â€Å"40% of high school students drank some amount of alcohol, 24% binge drank, and 10% drove after drinking and 28% rode with a driver who had been drinking(Youth Risk Behavior Survey, P.3)†. Where is our youth consuming alcohol for their parties? From older friends, siblings, or simply by taking what their parents have at home. Not acknowledging that there will be consequences†¦show more content†¦Underage drinkers risk their lives every time they decide to drink. In addition to, underage drinkers manage to get themselves into a legal predicament when they consume alcohol. According to, the Sur geon Generals Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking, â€Å"Underage drinking increases the risk of physical and sexual assault, and creates secondhand effects that can put others at risk. Loud and unruly behavior, property destruction, unintentional injuries, violence, and even death because of underage alcohol use afflict innocent parties. Figure 1: Percentage of People Who Reported Binge Drinking in the Past 30 Days For example, about 45 percent of people who die in crashes involving a drinking driver under the age of 21 are people other than the driver. Such secondhand effects often strike at random, making underage alcohol use truly everybodys problem (Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking, P.2)†. Underage drinkers have no sense of right and wrong when under the influence causing them to do things that tend to get them in a dilemma. They operate abnormally and not in a restrained manner. Figure 2: Underage Drinking and Driving Accident (Robert Falcione) According to, the California state laws, â€Å"It is illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to possess, purchase, and attempt toShow MoreRelatedDrug Alcohol And Its Effects2128 Words   |  9 Pagesdrivers licenses and turn them loose on the road. But this is the logic that is followed for beverage alcohol because of Americas alcohol policy. Not being taught how to drink responsibility is a very unfortunate reality that most 21 year old s face. America should change current laws to open the legal age of drinking because it will give Americans a chance to teach our youth about responsible drinking, and will help curb alcoholism. The history of alcohol and prohibition have a lot of inciteRead More Binge Drinking on America’s Campuses Essay2458 Words   |  10 Pagesdrinks per week (Core Institute par. 6). The statistics are alarming, yet most students still are not listening. In addition, A higher percentage of binge drinkers than non-binge drinkers reported having experienced alcohol-related problems since the beginning of the school year. Frequent binge drinkers were 22 times more likely than non-binge drinkers to have: â€Å" º Missed Class  º Fallen Behind in School Work  º Engaged in Unplanned Sexual Activity  º Not Used Protection When Having Sex  ºRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse2432 Words   |  10 PagesFelsted, p. vii). Furthermore, it is widely acknowledged that drinking alcohol is a part of the youth culture in America; it may also be understood as a culturally conditioned and socially controlled behavior. In my generation drinking among underage kids is blamed on peers, accessibility, and adulthood. â€Å"Research shows that about 10 million Americans between ages 12 to 20 years had at least one drink last month† (April is Alcohol Awareness Month). Like all addictions, alcohol must first beRead MoreBinge Drinking on Americas Campuses2308 Words   |  10 PagesAmerica s Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or Binge Drinking. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large and small, urban and ruralRead More Binge Drinking On Americas Campuses Essay2203 Words   |  9 PagesAmericas Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or Binge Drinking. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large and small, urban and rural

Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine. Answer: Introduction: The privately operated and owned hospitals charge patient fees for services and accommodation like- day care, psychiatric and acute care, In Australia, there are around 573 private hospitals equate to 41% of the total hospital care system provided in Australia (Abs.gov.au., 2017). Although private and public hospitals are offering the identical core products but the way the products and services are delivered is very different. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013), the private health care sector allows the generation of 140 billion dollars each year in the Australian economy, as well as, supports 3, 03,000 employees working for the hospitals. The main purpose of this report is to evaluate the marketing strategies used by the hospital in the last few years through SWOT analysis and Competitive Analysis of the industry environment. In addition to it, the recent trend followed by the industry and ethical issues faced within the industry is also discussed. Private sector hospitals are recently undergoing significant structural changes (Barr, 2014). As per Australian Private Hospitals Association, (2016), private healthcare sectors are now performing complex techniques, relevance for day surgery is increasing, hospitals relationship with different types of health funds are significantly changing. Co-located private and public sector hospitals are recently becoming more popular (Brown Barnett, 2014). PRIVATE HOSPITALS, AustraliaSelected years 2005-6 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Hospitals (no.) 547 593 592 601 612 624 630 Beds/chairs (no.) (a) 26,227 28,351 29,004 29,827 30,920 31,774 33,074 Separations ('000) 2,925 3,707 3,899 4,178 4,344 4,565 4,706 Patient days ('000) 7,473 8,851 8,999 9,385 9,957 10,423 10,694 Full-time equivalent staff (b) 50,001 58,448 57,495 60,387 62,413 64,429 66,800 Income ('000) (c) 7,001,113 10,649,650 11,227,908 11,802,649 12,731,130 13,894,732 14,745,862 Expenditure ('000) (d) 6,497,930 9,609,992 10,043,218 10,629,666 11,350,961 12,358,883 13,138,710 Gross capital expenditure ('000) (e) 387,366 721,529 492,198 712,879 765,336 908,066 1,185,799 Table I: Growth over the last 10 years in Private Sector Hospitals Source: (Abs.gov.au., 2017) Competition Rivalry between Private Hospitals: The private hospitals make business by efficient delivery of services to its patients. Nowadays, doctors generate more demand in the interest of the patients and major part of the treatment bill is paid from the health funds on behalf of the contributors. In Australia, private hospitals are competing with the public sector hospitals by providing free treatment to the public patients. In the recent times, key changes in the healthcare industry structure has mainly occurred for the profit-sectors, like the Ramsay acquisition for its benchmark group of private hospitals, as per Australian Private Hospitals Association, (2016). The number of private beds has been increased that has strengthened Ramsays market coverage and by further making ten hospitals in South and Victoria. As per profit, the largest market share is owned by Affinity, which has 5360 beds (42%) followed by Ramsay Healthcare with 3680 beds (29%). The fortune of private hospital depends mostly on the capability to engage the reputed professionals or doctors, thereby securing its contracts in the funds available for health. Moreover, around 30% of the patients already decide the hospitals in which they are going to be treated according to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). Thus, private sector hospitals can compete through marketing their facilities, range of procedures and services, location that is accessible for the patients and visitors, reputation or prestige and contracts with health funds. The competition between the private hospitals for its patients is quiet dissimilar then the way the hospitals are competing for doctors. The private healthcares often require informing the potential patients about the services and facilities provided by them (Brown Barnett, 2014). In few cases, this involves advertising it in the media. During 2012-2014, in Australia around 15 % of the insured patients were received their medical treatment or facilities in public sector hospitals as per Australian Private Hospitals Association, (2016). Both the public and private healthcare industries operate its functions in market conditions, which are unalike. The public healthcare industry focus is on treating the seriously and acutely ill patients with severe chronic conditions or ailments. Many public healthcare organizations are now providing treatments, facilities and services, which were earlier only available at great private hospitals (Wiederhold, 2013). Therefore, the insured patients with any kind of aliments and the representative doctors will always have alternative to choose the best private sector hospitals. Competition due to Non Profit Private Hospitals: The private sector hospitals that are controlled by the charitable and religious institutions provide an alternative solution to the Australian patients by giving them private hospitals services (Canta Leroux, 2016). During 2008-09, the religious or charitable institutes providing hospitals services accounted for total 37% of the beds available in psychiatric and acute private hospitals as per Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). In the non-profit sector, Sister of Charity holds maximum market share, which is 30%, with 2586 beds. An organization must consider its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for re-evaluation of procedures or planning any vital campaigns (Moschis Bellenger, 2013). In order to understand the factors the recent opportunities and challenges facing the private healthcare segment SWOT analysis is done. The SWOT analysis discussed in Table II is the most efficient way for visualizing the factors influencing the internal and external environments of the private hospitals Strengths Weaknesses Affiliated with nationally recognised brand. Comfortable and well-managed facility. 5-star servicing Reputation within the communities Limited patient capacity Potentially outdated facilities Lack of exposure Minimum funds provided by the Government. Opportunities Threats Increased privacy and comfort for patients Funding and support from a affluent and reputable organisation Local public hospitals are expanding due to the increased funding that is presented in the Federal Budget of 2016-2017. Table II: SWOT Analysis of Private Hospitals Recent Industrial Trends: By growing consolidation as well as rationalisation, the healthcare profit segment industry works in oligopoly market condition. The major organisation owning 92% of the profit shares in private hospital sectors (Abs.gov.au., 2017). In the private healthcare segment, each hospital or organisation has its unique and identical positioning in the key markets as well as classified and referring network of doctors. This further put a limitation to the competition rivalry going on between the organizations in the industry as per Australian Private Hospitals Association, (2016). Moreover, increase in the number of senior citizen in Australia, the awareness for the want of qualitative health care and need for the health related services will grow rapidly in the near future Factors influencing Operating activities of Private Hospitals: Through PESTEL analysis, the external environmental factors that influence the operating conditions of the private sector hospitals in Australia can be determined. FACTORS OBSERVATIONS Political Australian political parties made an agreement to eradicate private sector health insurance rebate facilities from all such policies that covers only treatment for public hospital. The private health fund premiums have been increased to 6.4% and overall profit has increased to 8.9% as per Australian Federal Government, (2016). Economic Australian federal budget will provide $36.3million to the Medicare Benefit Schedule in the next four years according to Australian Bureau of Statistics, (2013). Policy measures are taken to encourage the high income earners for opting private sector health care facilities that are non congested as compared to public sectors (Canta Leroux, 2016). Social The cost of repairing and renewing aging population in Australia is increasing by 20% per year in orthopaedic or hip replacement surgery as per Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). Increased government funding as well as facilities promoting health care have provided opportunities to generate profit for large private hospital chains. Technological With the advancement of modern technology which aim to bring together different platforms with innovative clinical changes. Environmental New waste disposal laws have been brought into effect for the disposal of hazardous and clinical wastes (Barr, 2014). Using energy efficient methods and backup generators during emergency. Legal With new competitive regulations, price fixing has been restricted in private hospitals. Healthy and safety regulations are to be abided by all private sector hospitals. Ethical challenges in Healthcare: In the healthcare sector providing the patient with good care and avoiding any harm to the patient mentally and physically are the major cornerstones of ethical practices (McGorry, Bates Birchwood, 2013). The ethical issues that are faced by the industries are as follows: The hospitals must have certain ethical guidelines to avoid any conflicts of Interest by governing the behaviours of their professionals (Canta Leroux, 2016). The hospital management team also scrutinizes whether their board of directors and trustees should be allowed or not to maintain the financial ties with the health system or institution by selling its own goods and services. These are the patient having less decision-making capacity about their medical condition. The responsibility for making the decision and choosing the best treatment option falls on their legally authorised representatives (Wiederhold, 2013). The rational decision for the patients best interest or known preferences is to be made by them. It is vital for a healthcare organization to support efficient care of the patients by providing ethically sound policy, fair and clear processes (Ducket Willcox, 2015). Furthermore, ongoing ethics education should be provided at all levels for patient care. Proper access to clinical ethics consultation services should be there so that the patient can consult with the clinicians on critical cases. Ethics consultants or committee members need to be well aware of the hospitals policies as well as have additional ethical trainings. They should be available to assist the patients, families and the employees (Hartung et al., 2015). They should resolve any perceived conflict if arises between the parties. The clinicians can tackle most of the problems by blending support mechanism and formal ethical policy (Knani, 2014). The hospitals should avoid any kinds of conflicts by properly governing the behaviour of the professionals and employees within the organisation. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the healthcare Industry of Australia is a booming Industry. Over the past few decades, the healthcare industries, which focus is to help others has gradually become entrenched as the countrys biggest employer. The healthcare facilities in Australia are largely provided by the government or private operated hospitals and private medical practitioners. The cost of the medical services are generally paid by the government agencies or private insurance, and the balance amount is payable by the patient itself. Medicare is the universal health care approach followed in Australia. This primary health system subsidises most of the medical costs for all permanent residents or citizens of Australia. The private hospitals involvement in the healthcare sector is provided in variety of forms that even includes the delivery of services to few of the public patients 70% of Australians who are admitted for rehabilitations are mostly treated in private hospitals. Reference List: Abs.gov.au. (2017).4390.0 - Private Hospitals, Australia, 2015-16. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4390.0~2015-16~Main%20Features~All%20Private%20Hospitals%20-%20summary~2 [Accessed 22 Nov. 2017]. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013. Buderim. [Online] Available at: https://censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/SSC30254?opendocu mentnavpos=220 [Accessed 22 Nov 2017]. Australian Federal Government, 2016. Federal Budget 2016-2017: Part 2 Expense Measures. [Online] Available at: https://budget.gov.au/2016-17/content/bp2/html/bp2_expense-15.htm [Accessed 22 Nov 2017]. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013. Australian Health Statistics: 2012-2013, Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016. National Health Priority Areas. [Online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/national-health-priority-areas/ [Accessed 22 Nov 2017]. Australian Private Hospitals Association, 2016. Major parties commit to improving private health insurance for Australians. [Online] Available at: https://www.apha.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Major-parties-commit-toimproving-private-health-insurance-for-Australians.pdf [Accessed 22 Nov 2017]. Barr, P., 2014. A Chronic Problem: Hospitals and Health Networks. [Online] Available at: https://www.hhnmag.com/articles/5227-a-chronic-problem [Accessed 22 Nov. 2017]. 17 Brown, L. Barnett, J., 2014. Is the corporate transformation of hospitals creating a new hybrid health care space? A case study of the impact of co-location of public and private hospitals in Australia. Social Science and Medicine, 58(2), pp. 427-444. Canta, C. Leroux, M., 2016. Public and Private Hospitals, Congestion, and Redistribution. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 18(1), pp. 42-66. Consumers Health Forum of Australia, 2016. Health fund profits up while their members lose out time for change. [Online] Available at: https://chf.org.au/media-releases/health-fund-profits-while-their-members-lose-out-timechange [Accessed 22 Nov. 2017]. Duckett, S., Willcox, S. (2015).The Australian health care system(No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press. Hartung, D. M., Bourdette, D. N., Ahmed, S. M., Whitham, R. H. (2015). The cost of multiple sclerosis drugs in the US and the pharmaceutical industry Too big to fail?.Neurology,84(21), 2185-2192. Knani, M. (2014). Ethics in the hospitality industry: Review and research agenda.International Journal of Business and Management,9(3), 1. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(s54), s30-s35. Moschis, G. Bellenger, D., 2013. What Influences the Mature Consumer?. Marketing Health Services, 23(4), pp. 16-21. Ng, K. B., Leung, G. K., Johnston, J. M., Cowling, B. J. (2013). Factors affecting implementation of accreditation programmes and the impact of the accreditation process on quality improvement in hospitals: a SWOT analysis.Hong Kong Medical Journal. Wiederhold, B., 2013. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2013 Positive Technology and Health Engagement for Healthy Living and Active Ageing. 1 ed. Washington D.C: Burke : IOS Press.Nov.2017] Willis, E., Reynolds, L., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016).Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences.